BCSSS

International Encyclopedia of Systems and Cybernetics

2nd Edition, as published by Charles François 2004 Presented by the Bertalanffy Center for the Study of Systems Science Vienna for public access.

About

The International Encyclopedia of Systems and Cybernetics was first edited and published by the system scientist Charles François in 1997. The online version that is provided here was based on the 2nd edition in 2004. It was uploaded and gifted to the center by ASC president Michael Lissack in 2019; the BCSSS purchased the rights for the re-publication of this volume in 200?. In 2018, the original editor expressed his wish to pass on the stewardship over the maintenance and further development of the encyclopedia to the Bertalanffy Center. In the future, the BCSSS seeks to further develop the encyclopedia by open collaboration within the systems sciences. Until the center has found and been able to implement an adequate technical solution for this, the static website is made accessible for the benefit of public scholarship and education.

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W Y Z

HIERARCHIES (Typology of) 1)2)

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B. WALLISER establishes in the following way a typology of hierarchies:

"- Qualitative hierarchies in which various objects are classified according to the similarity of their properties in some homogeneous subcategory, various of which become in turn grouped in a larger category. This leads from a particular level to a more general one through various steps, by way of a subdivision link.

"- Structural hierarchies in which various objects are collected according to their spatial proximity in some homogeneous subset, various of which become in turn integrated into a wider set. This leads from some micro-level to a macrolevel through various strata, by way of a subjacency link.

"- Functional hierarchies in which various entities are submitted to the deciding authority of a superior regulating entity, various of which This leads from an infra level to a supra level through various "echelons" by way of a subordination link.

"- Genetic hierarchies in which various entities come from an original common entity by temporal filiation, various of these latter themselves coming from an older one. This leads from a former to a later level through successive generations by way of a sequential link (1991, p.72-3).

WALLISER shows in his paper how these four basic types of hierarchies show up in the most varied systems and gives numerous examples.

Categories

  • 1) General information
  • 2) Methodology or model
  • 3) Epistemology, ontology and semantics
  • 4) Human sciences
  • 5) Discipline oriented

Publisher

Bertalanffy Center for the Study of Systems Science(2020).

To cite this page, please use the following information:

Bertalanffy Center for the Study of Systems Science (2020). Title of the entry. In Charles François (Ed.), International Encyclopedia of Systems and Cybernetics (2). Retrieved from www.systemspedia.org/[full/url]

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